基于地下水合理埋深的井渠结合灌区水资源联合调控

以泾惠渠灌区为例,针对井渠结合灌区地下水超采及地下水位上升而导致的农田灌溉水环境等问题,从水位调控水量的角度出发,提出了基于地下水位合理埋深的水资源调控模式。在确定不同水文地质单元和不同植被类型条件下地下水位合理埋深上下限的基础上,结合PSO-RBF神经网络对地下水位埋深预测的结果,设计了基本、节水两种水资源联合方案,对不同保证率下的灌区水资源进行了联合调控。结果表明:泾惠渠灌区地下水位合理埋深上限介于1.76~3.50m,下限介于8.7~25.0m,不同水文地质单元、植被类型的水位埋深上下限值差异较大;水资源联合调控时,局部地区出现地下水超采,需加强节水灌溉和多水源的联合调控。     

再生聚丙烯与木刨花复合材料的密度和木塑比对复合材料主要性能的影响

研究了用异氰酸酯树脂为胶粘剂,木材刨花与回收聚丙烯为主要材料的复合材料的主要力学性能和尺寸稳定性。结果表明,密度对复合材料的性能有很大的影响,密度越大,力学强度越高,吸水厚度膨胀率基本越低;木塑配比对复合材料的力学性能有一定的影响,力学性能均随着配比的增加呈现不同程度的下降趋势;配比对吸水厚度膨胀率影响明显,配比越大,吸水厚度膨胀率越低,且密度大时,影响就越显著。     

乳化剂对4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂 物理稳定性的影响

以4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂为研究对象,探讨了乳化剂的种类、用量、亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)和结构对水乳剂物理稳定性的影响。结果表明:当乳化剂种类选定后,在一定用量范围内,水乳剂的粒径随着乳化剂用量的增加而变小,粒径分布范围变窄,稳定性增强,粒径大小可作为筛选乳化剂最佳用量的指标;乳化剂的HLB值与水乳剂的粒径及粒径分布范围关系密切;乳化剂的结构和水乳剂的乳液抗聚并性存在相关性,适当增加亲油性的饱和碳链长度,有助于提高水乳剂的乳液抗聚并性,进而获得稳定的水乳剂配方。     

不同配比施肥对华北花岗片麻岩山地土壤促成的作用

华北花岗片麻岩山区土壤严重退化,恶劣的土壤环境是该地区植被恢复的限制性因子.利用不同配比的化肥对试验区内土壤进行促成技术研究,结果表明:各种配比的肥料间,对土壤有机质和营养元素的影响(以全P释放量为例),以NPK1和NPK2处理效果最好,其分别提高风化速率29.68%和31.21%;对土壤粒径的影响(以<1 mm粒径土壤重量百分比为例),同样以NPK1和NPK2处理效果最好,其分别提高风化速率30.50%和24.81%.综上分析可以说明,各种配比的化肥对土壤促成起到了一定的作用,试验区内土壤正朝成熟土壤方向演化.     

竹塑刨花板热压工艺的研究

对竹刨花与废旧热塑性塑料共混热压工艺进行了研究,压制成一种竹塑刨花板材。分析物料配比、热压压力、热压温度、偶联剂等工艺因素对板材物理力学性能的影响。竹塑配比对板子力学性能有着重要影响,随着竹刨花含量的增加,抗弯强度有下降的趋势,竹刨花含量达到30%～40%时,其性能下降的趋势变缓,通过极差分析与方差分析优化了工艺参数。结果表明竹刨花与废旧塑料复合压制竹塑刨花板在工艺上是可行的,主要物理力学指标均达到了相关标准的要求。     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) I. Total Sulphur Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Total sulphur content of some benchmark soils was evaluated by correlating with the contents of soil organic C and amorphous oxides (Al and Fe), and the particle size distribution. An equation model to calculate the content of total soil sulphur was first obtained by regression analysis. Introducing these chemical and physical data of all the map units except for the wetlands into the equation model, the sulphur level on a national scale was estimated for each soil mapping unit in the exploratory soil map of Zambia. Second, the total sulphur content was rated into 3 classes based on the frequency distribution of the total sulphur content in the benchmark soils. Finally, the rated total sulphur content was incorporated into the national soil map database of GIS to produce a map with the total sulphur content of Zambian soils. The extent of each class was calculated and the distribution of the areas was examined in relation to rainfall and soil formation.     

A Novel Particle Contact Assay with the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants. Methods   Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants. Results and Discussion   In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure. Conclusion   The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments. Outlook   The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants in whole sediments.     

荒漠-绿洲边缘区生态过渡带的土壤颗粒分形特征

通过实地采样和实验室分析,测定了黑河中游荒漠绿洲边缘区生态过渡带的土壤粒级分布、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)的含量,并采用1993年杨培岭等提出的用粒径的重量分布代替数量分布的土壤分形模型,计算了土壤颗粒分形维数;最后利用统计分析法,研究了颗粒分形维数与土壤粒级分布及各养分指标的关系.结果表明:从荒漠边缘向绿洲延伸的过渡带,土壤中砂粒含量占绝对优势,粉粒居中,黏粒最少,采样区土壤质地较粗;土壤颗粒分形维数在2.105～2.609之间变动,处于极低水平,与土壤各养分指标具有相似的变化趋势,除靠近绿洲区存在一个"生态裂谷"外,整体呈上升趋势;利用相关分析法得出,土壤颗粒分形维数与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与黏粉粒及各养分指标均呈显著的正相关;利用回归分析法进行定量分析,砂粒含量每增加1g/kg,颗粒分形维数D降低0.0019个单位;粉粒和黏粒含量每增加1g/kg,颗粒分形维数D分别增加0.002和0,023个单位,对土壤颗粒分形维数变化幅度的影响依次为黏粒>粉粒>砂粒,分形维数对黏粒含量的变化最为敏感.因此,可以将土壤颗粒分形维数作为衡量荒漠-绿洲边缘区土壤养分变化状况的指标之一,用于反映荒漠绿洲区土壤的退化状况.     

去除养殖水体悬浮颗粒的多向流重力沉淀装置设计及性能

为了高效去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,研发了多向流重力沉淀装置,并对其水力特性及相关结构参数进行试验研究。该文以固体悬浮颗粒物去除率为试验指标,设计了5～40 min的水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）及斜管填料规格参数的双因素试验。结果显示,随着HRT增加,多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率呈显著上升的阶段性变化特征,但以HRT为20 min时沉淀装置的综合处理效果最优,最高平均去除率可达（58.57 %±10.12 %）,其中粒径小于20 μm的微颗粒去除率为19.5%,粒径大于60 μm的微颗粒去除率高达90.3 %;较小的斜管直径可显著提高多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率,而斜管高度对去除率无显著影响。多向流重力沉淀装置用于去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,是一种行之有效的方法。     

基于粒子图像测速技术的液力变矩器涡轮内流场测试与分析

液力变矩器是自动变速器的主要部件,其在乘用车、载重汽车、公共汽车和机车上的应用广泛。液力变矩器内部流动特性影响其外部性能,为了深入研究其内部流动特性,基于粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术对液力变矩器涡轮内流场进行试验研究。采用帧频为1 000帧/s的CCD高速相机,在不同工况下(输入与输出的转速比分别取0、0.3、0.5、0.7)采集不同粒子直径、不同粒子浓度下的流动图像,经过图像预处理,对连续两帧图像进行互相关计算,获得涡轮径向切面的速度场和涡量场。通过对流场分布结构和流动区域上复杂流动现象的对比分析,发现投入流场中粒子浓度越高(1 500mL蒸馏水中投入2.4 g粒子)、粒子直径越小(10μm)时,识别并提取流动区域上的流动参数越丰富,流速场和涡量场信息越可靠。液力变矩器内部高梯度流场分布结构和非均匀流速场分布导致出现多尺度涡旋和反向流等复杂流动现象,造成液力变矩器内部流动能量损耗,随转速比提高,涡轮流场结构趋于规律,能耗逐渐降低。该文试验测量与分析结果对于液力变矩器结构优化和性能提升提供了参考。